Aviation Kerosene
Jet A1 DEF STAN 91-91
Kerosene-type aviation turbine fuel produced to UK Defence Standard 91-91, the specification used for Jet A-1 at airports and airlines worldwide. Supplied in bulk cargoes.
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DEF STAN 91-091 is the main international specification for Jet A-1. Fuel meeting it is accepted for civil aircraft and is the basis of the Joint Inspection Group (JIG) AFQRJOS checklist used at most airports outside North America.
Certified Quality
Produced to DEF STAN 91-091 and supplied with a certificate of quality for each batch.
Low Freezing Point
Freezing point of -47°C max suits long-haul flights at high altitude.
Tight Contamination Control
Limits on particulates, water, gum and acidity protect aircraft fuel systems and filters.
Inspected Cargo
Quality and quantity verified by an independent inspector at loading and discharge.
Specifications
Limits based on DEF STAN 91-091 for Jet A-1. The final specification is agreed in the contract and confirmed by the independent inspector's report.
| Parameter | Limit | Test method |
|---|---|---|
| Density @ 15°C (kg/m³) | 775.0 – 840.0 | IP 365 / ASTM D4052 |
| Flash point (°C) | min 38 | IP 170 / ASTM D56 |
| Freezing point (°C) | max -47 | IP 16 / ASTM D2386 |
| Distillation, 10% recovered (°C) | max 205 | IP 123 / ASTM D86 |
| Distillation, final boiling point (°C) | max 300 | IP 123 / ASTM D86 |
| Viscosity @ -20°C (mm²/s) | max 8.0 | IP 71 / ASTM D445 |
| Net heat of combustion (MJ/kg) | min 42.8 | IP 12 / ASTM D4529 |
| Smoke point (mm) | min 25, or min 19 with naphthalenes max 3.00% v/v | IP 57 / ASTM D1322 |
| Aromatics (% v/v) | max 25.0 | IP 156 / ASTM D1319 |
| Total sulphur (% m/m) | max 0.30 | IP 336 / ASTM D4294 |
| Mercaptan sulphur (% m/m) | max 0.0030 | IP 342 / ASTM D3227 |
| Total acidity (mg KOH/g) | max 0.015 | IP 354 / ASTM D3242 |
| Existent gum (mg/100 mL) | max 7 | IP 540 / ASTM D381 |
| Copper strip corrosion (2 h @ 100°C) | max No. 1 | IP 154 / ASTM D130 |
| Thermal stability (JFTOT, 2.5 h @ 260°C) | pass | IP 323 / ASTM D3241 |
| Particulate contaminant (mg/L) | max 1.0 | IP 423 / ASTM D5452 |
| Water separation (MSEP) | min 85 (min 70 with static dissipator additive) | ASTM D3948 |
| Electrical conductivity (pS/m) | 50 – 600 when antistatic additive is used | IP 274 / ASTM D2624 |
Approved additives such as antistatic, antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor may be added as the specification allows. Cargo quality is established by independent inspection at the load port.
Applications
Used wherever certified turbine fuel is needed.
Airlines
Fuel for commercial jet and turboprop aircraft.
Airports
Into-plane supply and airport fuel farms.
Distributors
Resale to fuel suppliers and aviation service companies.
Storage
Terminal and tank farm inventory for regional supply.
Commercial Terms
- Quantity: bulk cargoes by tanker
- Payment: as agreed in the contract
- Inspection: independent inspector at load and discharge
- Documents: ICPO, SCO, CI, PPOP
Delivery Terms
Loading ports worldwide, including Rotterdam, Houston, Jurong, Al Fujairah and Qingdao.
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